Health Corner

Haematuria (Blood in Urine)

The presence of blood in urine, commonly known as haematuria, is a relatively common clinical symptom.
In younger patients, haematuria is often temporary, caused by conditions such as urinary tract infection (UTI).
However, if blood in the urine persists, further evaluation is needed to rule out more serious conditions such as kidney stones or glomerulonephritis (inflammation of kidney filters).
In older adults (over 40), haematuria may be associated with benign prostatic enlargement or even malignant tumours in the urinary system.

How Is Haematuria Evaluated and Diagnosed?

Urine Test

All patients should first undergo urine culture testing to exclude infection-related haematuria caused by UTI.
If bacterial growth is detected, treatment with appropriate antibiotics will be prescribed, followed by regular medical follow‑up.

Patients are typically re‑examined six weeks later.
If blood remains in the urine, further investigations are required, such as:

• Microscopic examination of the urine specimen to assess for the presence of abnormal cells and cancer risk.

According to the American Urological Association (AUA), risk factors for malignancy in asymptomatic haematuria include:

• Age > 40 years

• Current or past smoking

• Occupational exposure to chemicals or dyes

• Previous episodes of haematuria

• Chronic cystitis or other urinary discomfort

• Overuse of painkillers

• Prior contrast imaging procedures

Radiological Examinations

Common imaging tests include:

• Ultrasound

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Computed Tomography (CT)

Among them, CT Urography (CTU) is considered the first‑line investigation for diagnosing haematuria.
It is suitable for most patients, except for pregnant women and those with contrast‑medium allergy.

If these standard tests reveal no abnormalities, the patient may have mild glomerular disease, a condition more commonly seen in young to middle‑aged adults.

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Please consult your doctor for professional advice and do not rely solely on this content.