What’s the difference between traditional cancer markers and mRNA testing?

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2026.1.3

There are many types of cancer screening methods available — but what exactly sets them apart? Can any test tell you with 100% certainty whether you have cancer?
Let’s take a closer look at two major types of blood-based cancer screening: Cancer Marker Tests and mRNA Testing. The first helps with preliminary risk assessment, while the second focuses on ultra-early detection.
They differ in principle, accuracy, and target users — and combining both can improve overall screening results.

What is a cancer marker test?

A cancer marker test measures the concentration of specific proteins or antigens produced by cancer cells or the body’s response to them — for example:

AFP (liver cancer)
CEA (colorectal cancer)
CA125 (ovarian cancer)

These tests are mainly used for preliminary risk assessment, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and detecting recurrence.
However, the results can easily be affected by inflammation, smoking, or other health conditions, leading to false positives or false negatives. Their sensitivity is limited — in early-stage cancer, only about 5–30% of cases show elevated levels.

What is mRNA testing?

mRNA testing (circulating tumor cell screening) uses dynamic gene detection technology to analyze tumor-related mRNA molecules released into the blood.
Each gram of tumor tissue can release millions of cells daily, which can be captured and analyzed. This allows detection of tumors as small as 0.2 cm, with an accuracy rate of 93–97%.

What cancers can mRNA testing detect?

mRNA testing can identify cancers earlier than conventional cancer markers, including lung, liver, stomach, pancreatic, colorectal, nasopharyngeal, and breast cancers.
It is radiation-free and non-invasive, making it safer for repeated use.
Compared with imaging (e.g., CT scans typically detect tumors 1 cm or larger), mRNA testing is better suited for ultra-early detection and post-surgery follow-up.

A quick comparison at a glance

Feature	Cancer Marker	mRNA Testing
Principle	Measures protein/antigen levels	Detects tumor mRNA gene signals
Accuracy	Limited; prone to false positives/negatives	93–97% sensitivity, highly accurate
Detection limit	Later stage, tumors ≥1 cm	Ultra-early, tumors ≥0.2 cm
Advantages	Affordable, widely used for monitoring	No radiation, detects multiple cancers
Limitations	Higher false positive rate, not diagnostic	More expensive, supplementary use only

Since the two use different technologies, they can complement each other — cancer markers are suitable for routine health screening, while mRNA testing provides high-precision support.

Who should take which test?

Cancer marker test: Recommended for adults over 40, individuals with a family history of cancer or chronic conditions, and existing cancer patients for tracking trends. Suggested 1–2 times per year.
mRNA test: Ideal for high-risk individuals (e.g., smokers, drinkers, those with family cancer history) or health-conscious individuals for annual screening, as well as postoperative monitoring. Suggested every 6–12 months.
Healthy people without symptoms: Start with cancer marker testing. If results appear abnormal, follow up with mRNA screening.

If you have any concerns, consult your doctor. Abnormal results usually require further imaging or clinical assessment, as no single test alone can confirm a cancer diagnosis.

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